
Echelon Level Grey Market Arbitrage Thresholds under Asymmetric Tariff Structures
Cross-border grey market arbitrage triggers when destination spot prices exceed low-tariff source invoices plus freight, repackaging, and an 8% hurdle margin.

Cross-border grey market arbitrage triggers when destination spot prices exceed low-tariff source invoices plus freight, repackaging, and an 8% hurdle margin.
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